But these different signs express the same state of mind ( intentio) and thus have something in common. Categorematic terms or words, whether spoken or written, are called conventional signs in so far as it is a linguistic convention that a given thing is referred to by a particular name ( the species 'man' in English, ' homo' in Latin, for example). Thus, in 'All men are mortal' 'men' and 'mortal (thing)' are categorematic, while 'all' is syncategorematic. These are of two kinds: (1) categorematic terms, which have meaning because of their reference to real things (2) syncategorematic terms, which have only a logical function to link categorematic terms. Ockham contributed greatly to the development of the 'logic of terms' which had been introduced in the twelfth century and developed in the thirteeenth. Because of the interruption of his career he never attained professorial rank, and he therefore became known as Venerabilis Inceptor (' inceptor' being the term used to describe those awaiting the award of their teaching licence). Later, in Munich, where he was supported by the Emperor, he was again embroiled in controversy, this time concerning the issue of the relation of Church power to the state. He was accused of heresy (his writings were condemned in 1326 and he was excommunicated) and he came into conflict with the Holy See at Avignon (1324-8) over the issue of evangelical poverty. He entered the Franciscan order before studying theology at Oxford, c. William (of) Ockham was born in the village of that name in Surrey, England.
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